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Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand Steuben (born Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben; September 17, 1730 – November 28, 1794), also referred to as the Baron von Steuben, was a Prussian-born American military officer. He served as inspector general and major general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines.〔(Thomas Fleming ) "The Magnificent Fraud," ''American Heritage'', Feb./March 2006〕 He wrote ''Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States'', the book that served as the standard United States drill manual until the War of 1812. He served as General George Washington's chief of staff in the final years of the war.
==Early life==
Fredrich Wilhelm von Steuben was born in the fortress town of Magdeburg on September 17, 1730, the son of Royal Prussian Engineer, Capt. Baron Wilhelm von Steuben, and his wife, Elizabeth von Jagvodin.〔("Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben", Bergen County Historical Society )〕 It is said that at age 14 he served as volunteer with his father in one the campaigns of the War of the Austrian Succession.
Von Steuben joined the Royal Prussian Army at age 17. He served as a second lieutenant during the Seven Years' War and was wounded at the Battle of Prague in 1757. He served as adjutant to the free battalion of General Johann von Mayer and was promoted to first lieutenant in 1759. In August 1759 he was wounded a second time at the Battle of Kunersdorf. In June 1761, he was appointed deputy quartermaster at the general headquarters. Later that year he was taken prisoner by the Russians at Treptow.〔("General von Steuben", Valley Forge, National Park Service )〕 Upon his release in 1762 he was promoted to captain, and eventually became an aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great.〔("Major General Von Steuben", Steuben Society of America )〕 The end of the war and subsequent reduction of the army meant that Steuben was one of many officers who found themselves unemployed. Given von Steuben's exemplary military record, one has to question why this ambitious and competent officer was discharged from the Prussian army in 1763. Modern historians have noted the lack of a documented formal reason for his dismissal, Steuben’s flamboyant dress and personality and the fact that this undoubtedly attractive man never married and come to the conclusion that some kind of homosexual scandal forced his removal. A reading of some of Steuben’s correspondence with his close friend, Captain von Lüttwitz, would seem to suggest that these historians might be correct: "You know me too well to feel that my friend ship for you could ever become lukewarm. My dear Orestes, your Pylades loves you as loyally as he has ever loved you. His friendship to you shows no change. Not the remotest distance can diminish it."
Towards the end of his life, Steuben indicated that "an inconsiderate step and an implacable personal enemy" led to his leaving the army.〔(Kapp, Friedrich. ''Life of Frederick William Von Steuben: Major General in the Revolutionary Army", Mason Brothers, 1859 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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